Nigeria’s role in contemporary global affairs has continued to attract scholarly attention, particularly concerning the content and trajectory of its foreign policy. Foreign policy, defined as the guiding principles of a state in its interactions with the international community, shapes the objectives and strategies pursued in international relations. As the core of diplomacy, foreign policy determines how a nation engages with other states, institutions, and global actors, while international relations serve both as the practice and the academic study of these interactions. This paper examines the conceptual foundations and practical implications of Nigeria’s foreign policy, highlighting the need for clarity in understanding the distinctions among foreign policy, diplomacy, and international relations. By analyzing scholarly perspectives and historical developments, the study explores the challenges and ambiguities that have characterized Nigeria’s foreign policy decisions. The research further considers the factors influencing policy formulation, including domestic priorities, regional responsibilities, and global pressures, emphasizing how these elements impact Nigeria’s positioning and effectiveness in the international arena. Findings suggest that while Nigeria has played significant roles in regional and global diplomacy, inconsistencies in policy implementation, lack of transparency, and evolving domestic and international contexts have sometimes constrained the nation’s influence. The paper concludes that a clearer articulation of objectives, consistent policy execution, and strategic engagement with international actors are essential for enhancing Nigeria’s global presence and achieving long-term foreign policy goals.