Russia has historically excelled in global sports, achieving Olympic success through centralized coaching, structured training routines, and specialized institutions such as the Central Institute of Physical Culture. While these traditional approaches have produced technically skilled and physically dominant athletes, the global evolution of sports science underscores the need for evidence-based, integrated performance strategies. Sports science encompasses multiple subfields, including exercise physiology, biomechanics, nutrition, psychology, and data analytics, all of which collectively enhance athletic performance, recovery, and injury prevention. In many leading sporting nations, these disciplines are fully institutionalized within elite training programs, contributing to measurable performance gains. Russia is increasingly integrating sports science into its national athletic framework, yet implementation remains uneven across regions and sports disciplines. This review explores the current state of sports science in Russia, highlights the benefits of a multidisciplinary, evidence-driven approach, and emphasizes strategies for optimizing human performance and competitive excellence. By bridging traditional training methodologies with contemporary scientific innovations, Russian sports programs can enhance athlete preparation, maximize performance outcomes, and maintain international competitiveness.