The evolution of educational assessment mirrors the social, cultural, and scientific transformations of societies, reflecting changing conceptions of learning and achievement. In ancient civilizations, assessment was largely pragmatic, emphasizing practical abilities, as seen in China’s civil service examinations and Greece’s Socratic dialogues. The nineteenth century introduced scientific rigor through psychometrics, with pioneers such as Galton, Cattell, Binet, and Simon developing intelligence and ability tests. The twentieth century saw institutionalization and standardization, including objective academic tests and large-scale assessments like the Army Alpha and Beta tests. Contemporary assessment is shaped by technological innovation and pedagogical shifts, exemplified by computerized adaptive testing and formative assessment practices that prioritize continuous learning and personalized feedback. This historical trajectory illustrates how educational assessment has transitioned from a tool of measurement to a dynamic instrument for promoting learning and development.