Global health, while a widely cited concept, masks profound inequalities between nations in terms of healthcare access, resources, and outcomes. Developing and underdeveloped countries face disproportionately high disease burdens despite contributing minimally to global health expenditure. Structural challenges, including inadequate financing, insufficient healthcare infrastructure, and critical shortages of trained personnel, exacerbate these disparities. Case studies, such as the stark contrast in life expectancy and health spending between Japan and Sierra Leone, illustrate the consequences of these systemic gaps. Addressing these inequities requires targeted policy interventions, sustainable investment, and international collaboration to ensure that healthcare improvements reach the populations most in need.