Birth weight is widely recognized as one of the most important indicators of neonatal health and survival. It plays a crucial role in determining immediate postnatal outcomes and the long-term health trajectory of infants. Low birth weight (LBW), defined as a birth weight of less than 2,500 grams, is associated with a higher risk of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Infants born with LBW are more susceptible to infections, growth retardation, developmental delays, and chronic health conditions later in life. Consequently, the reduction of LBW has become a significant global public health priority. Despite considerable improvements in maternal and child healthcare services worldwide, LBW remains highly prevalent, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. It is estimated that approximately 18 million infants are born with LBW each year across the globe, with more than half of these births occurring in South Asia. Although LBW accounts for roughly 14% of total global births, it contributes disproportionately to neonatal mortality, accounting for about 60–80% of neonatal deaths. This highlights the strong relationship between birth weight and newborn survival. In Nigeria, LBW continues to pose a serious public health challenge. The national prevalence is estimated to be around 14%, though this figure may be underestimated due to incomplete or inaccurate birth records, especially in rural and underserved communities where home deliveries are common and access to healthcare services is limited. Several maternal, socioeconomic, and environmental factors contribute to the incidence of LBW in the country, including poor maternal nutrition, inadequate antenatal care, maternal illnesses, and socioeconomic inequalities. Addressing the problem of LBW requires a comprehensive approach that focuses on improving maternal health, strengthening antenatal care services, promoting adequate nutrition during pregnancy, and enhancing data collection and monitoring systems. Greater attention to these factors is essential for reducing the prevalence of LBW and improving neonatal survival rates. Therefore, understanding the magnitude and implications of LBW is critical for developing effective maternal and child health policies and interventions aimed at improving neonatal outcomes and long-term population health.