The global increase in life expectancy has led to a rapid growth of the elderly population, with Indonesia’s elderly numbering 25.7 million in 2019 (9.6% of the total population) and projected to reach up to 25% by 2040. Preserving cognitive function in the elderly is critical for maintaining their quality of life, as cognition encompasses attention, memory, language, and visuospatial abilities. Aging is associated with changes in physical, psychological, and social domains that can negatively impact cognitive function. Multiple factors influence cognitive health, including educational background, occupation, social engagement, and sensory impairments such as hearing loss. Hearing impairment, affecting approximately 30–35% of individuals over 65, can lead to social isolation, depression, reduced self-esteem, and cognitive decline, with 1.5–3% of affected elderly requiring hearing aids. Understanding the factors that contribute to cognitive decline in the elderly is essential for developing interventions aimed at preserving mental function, enhancing independence, and improving overall quality of life in aging populations.