Ants are among the most abundant, ecologically diverse, and socially complex insects on Earth, playing critical roles in terrestrial ecosystems as predators, scavengers, seed dispersers, pollinators, and soil engineers. Despite their ecological significance, the taxonomy, morphology, and species composition of ants remain understudied in many tropical regions, including Nigeria. This study investigates the taxonomic and morphological characteristics of ant species within the University of Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria. Morphological traits such as body size, coloration, and caste differentiation were examined to understand ecological adaptations and potential evolutionary responses. The study identifies dominant, co-dominant, and subordinate species, highlighting their ecological roles and interactions. Findings provide baseline data for ant biodiversity in the region and demonstrate the utility of ants as bio-indicators of ecosystem health. This research fills a critical knowledge gap and establishes a foundation for future ecological and conservation studies in Nigerian tropical ecosystems.