Since gaining independence, Kazakhstan has rapidly expanded its presence in international sports, achieving notable success in disciplines such as weightlifting and boxing and investing heavily in sports infrastructure. However, sustained excellence requires more than talent and facilities; it necessitates a systematic integration of sports science to optimize athlete performance, health, and career longevity. Sports science encompasses applied disciplines such as biomechanics, physiology, nutrition, and sport psychology, which together enable individualized training, fatigue monitoring, injury prevention, and performance enhancement. While Kazakhstan has begun incorporating these approaches—especially in Olympic preparation centers—implementation remains inconsistent and fragmented across the national sports system. This review examines the current role of sports science in Kazakhstan, highlights its contributions to athletic development, and identifies opportunities for creating a more cohesive, evidence-based framework to strengthen human performance in the country’s evolving sports programs.