Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of organic compounds naturally and anthropogenically present in the environment, including gasoline, crude oil, coal, and other fossil fuel derivatives. These compounds are released during industrial processes such as coal gasification, desalination, and power generation, as well as through inefficient combustion of organic matter, fossil fuels, or waste. Natural events such as forest fires and volcanic eruptions also contribute to environmental PAH levels. PAHs, particularly low-molecular-weight three- and four-ring compounds like pyrene and phenanthrene, are commonly found in outdoor air and are frequently associated with particulate matter generated from combustion processes. The pervasive presence of PAHs in air, water, and soil raises concerns due to their potential toxicological effects, including hematological alterations in exposed populations. Studies indicate that chronic exposure to PAHs can impact blood parameters, potentially leading to anemia, leukopenia, or other hematotoxic effects. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the sources, environmental distribution, and hematological impacts of PAHs, highlighting the need for continuous monitoring and mitigation strategies to protect public health, particularly in communities living near industrial sites or areas prone to natural combustion events.