The evolution of modern Nigerian sculpture is deeply rooted in the intersection of indigenous artistic traditions and external influences introduced during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This study examines how art and scholarship have contributed to the formation of identity in Nigerian sculpture, with particular attention to the historical transition from traditional to modern artistic expressions. Modern art was introduced into Nigeria through colonial encounters, including trade catalogues, missionary activities, and formal education systems. Its development was significantly influenced by key figures such as Kenneth Murray, a British art educator, and Aina Onabolu, a pioneering Nigerian artist trained in Europe, who both played vital roles in institutionalizing art education in Nigeria. The study highlights the ideological shift that accompanied the introduction of Western art, where indigenous forms—such as Igbo-Ukwu bronzes, Ife sculptures, Benin brass works, and Ikom stone carvings—were undervalued or not recognized as “art” in the Western sense. Early proponents of modern art, particularly Onabolu, emphasized the need to demonstrate that Africans could produce works comparable to European standards, thereby promoting Western artistic conventions over traditional practices. This perspective contributed to a dichotomy between modern and indigenous art, often relegating the latter to the status of primitive or religious artifacts. Despite sculpture being one of the most prominent and materially rich forms of artistic expression in Nigeria, scholarly attention to its historical development has remained limited. This neglect has had implications for the understanding and appreciation of indigenous sculptural traditions and their influence on contemporary practices. The study argues that the identity of Nigerian sculpture has been shaped through a continuous negotiation between tradition and modernity, mediated by both artistic practice and academic discourse. In conclusion, the forging of identity in Nigerian sculpture reflects a complex synthesis of cultural heritage and external influence. Recognizing and reintegrating indigenous artistic values within modern frameworks is essential for a more holistic understanding of Nigerian art history and for fostering a culturally grounded artistic identity.