Migration Policies Of The United States: Trends And Impacts On The Contemporary North America.
Adekunle Alaye, PhD.
Fellow, Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA). Lecturer, Department of Political Science, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago-Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria.
Keywords: America, Asylum, Immigrants, Policy, Migration, Refugee
Abstract
Migration crises have become very critical challenges with North America, particularly the United States, being a central destination for displaced populations. This study examines the multifaceted impacts of the "Zero Tolerance" policy, Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), Title 42, and Temporary Protected Status (TPS), which are significant shifts in policy direction, particularly between the Trump and Biden administrations. U.S. administrations have developed, implemented, and modified policies to manage migration flows, regulate asylum procedures, and accommodate refugees while balancing national security concerns, economic demands, and humanitarian obligations. The study adopts a qualitative approach, drawing on a review of secondary sources including government documents, policy briefs, and executive orders. We shall also explore sources like academic articles and reports from international organizations. Key public policy responses are analyzed within the framework of political ideology, international cooperation, and domestic legal systems. Additionally, the research assesses the impacts of these policies on migrants, asylum seekers, and broader U.S. immigration trends. Findings revealed that while Biden administration has sought several measures in promoting more humanitarian and inclusive immigration policies, Trump administrations in a sharp twist however, reversed some of the policies as he emphasized deterrence and border enforcement. Political opposition, administrative challenges, and recurring crises at the southern border have complicated implementation. U.S. foreign policy and international aid initiatives have attempted to address the root causes of migration, particularly from Central American countries. Despite efforts to create legal pathways and promote regional stability, gaps remain in the coordination and effectiveness of policy responses. The study concludes that public policy plays a crucial role in managing migration and refugee issues, yet outcomes are heavily influenced by political will, public opinion, and international cooperation. It recommends a more integrated and sustainable approach to immigration reform—one that balances security with humanitarian principles, ensures legal clarity, and builds resilience through international partnerships. By doing so, the United States can better fulfill its global leadership roles in refugee protection and uphold the values embedded in its historical identity as a nation of immigrants.